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Map of the German West African Colonies
of Togo and Cameroon 1900
Picture from Westermanns Neuer Schulatlas /
WikiCommons
Gustav Nachtigal obtained treaties with
several native chiefs to establish German protectorates in Cameroon and Togo in
1884. They were recognised and the borders settled by the European Powers at the
Conference of Berlin in 1885. Initially the two territories were governed as one
colony known as German West Africa. From 1891 they were separated into Cameroon
and Togoland.
Cameroon
The colony of Cameroon (known in German as "Kamerun") had its port and capital at Duala.
There had been a German trading post there since 1868. Rubber was the major export of
Cameroon but tobacco, palm oil and bananas were also produced. Although the borders of German
Cameroon had changed on paper several times in negotiations (with
Britain and France in 1885, 1894, 1906 and 1913) some parts of the
interior still remained unexplored and largely untouched by colonial
rule.
After Germany's defeat in the First World War, the Treaty of
Versailles in 1919 stripped Germany of all her colonies and overseas
possessions. Cameroon was awarded to France with a small section next to
Nigeria going to Britain.
Campaigns in Cameroon
The Yoss Rebellion 1884
Rebellion broke out amongst the Yoss people
shortly after the German colonial rule had been declared. Germany also suspected
Britain of stirring trouble in the region's tribes. German reinforcements
arrived in the shape of SMS Bismarck and SMS Olga in early December 1884. The
ships landed parties of sailors to fight on land while the SMS Olga shelled
local villages up river. The rebellious tribes were crushed and their leaders
arrested before the year was out.
Recommended External Link-
Medal Net -
Cameroon 1884
The Abo Rebellion 1891
When the Abo people rose in rebellion against German rule the Polizeitruppe
under Hauptmann Karl von Gravenreuth had to call upon the assistance of two
German warships in the area to crush the rebellion and restore order. The
cruiser SMS Habicht and the gunboat SMS Hyäne supplied landing parties and
artillery support. The rebellion collapsed after naval landing parties and the
Polizeitruppe stormed the fortified rebel village of Miang.
Recommended External Link-
Medal Net -
Cameroon 1891The Dahomey Slaves Rebellion 1893
To expand the strength of the Cameroon Polizeitruppe, Hauptmann von Gravenreuth
bought slaves from the King of Dahomey in 1891. The idea was that the slaves
could then earn their freedom and that of their families by five years of
German service. Although the idea was a humane one in which the slaves ultimately
became free, during their service in the Polizeitruppe they and their families
were still slaves, unpaid, harshly treated and harshly punished. In
December 1893, after having been forced to watch their wives being flogged for
refusing to work, fifty of them rose up in mutiny, killing their commanders and
occupying government buildings.
Although the rebellion
failed to catch on in other parts of the colony the mutineers resisted attempts
to quell them. Ironically their German military training served them well.
It was not until the gunboat SMS Hyäne under Kapitänleutnant Reincke along with
other sailors based on ships in the area arrived that the rebellion could be
crushed with sailors and shellfire from the ship. The remaining 29 mutineers
were hanged and their families sent into hard labour.
The long term effects of this rebellion were felt
throughout the colonies. The scandal of using slaves as police was revealed in
Germany and became a national disgrace. It was one of a series of scandals in
Cameroon which led to a lessening of the harshness and cruelty of colonial
rule in Cameroon (and later in German East Africa and German South West Africa
after the Maji-maji and Herero Rebellions respectively). Another effect of the
slave rebellion was that the colonial authorities realised a Polizeitruppe was
not enough to control Cameroon and formed the Cameroon Schutztruppe in 1894.
Recommended External Link - "Der
Aufstand der Polizeisoldaten, Kamerun 1893" in the "Magazin" section of
Traditionsverband
Campaigns into the Interior
As German expeditions gradually
ventured further into the colony mapped out as theirs by agreement with the
other European powers
they encountered armed resistance on several occasions. Hauptmann
von Gravenreuth was killed in one such action against the Beua in 1893. These campaigns were usually fought by company sized units of
the Polizeitruppe or Schutztruppe often with assistance from African
auxiliary troops from rival tribes.
The First World War in German Cameroon 1914-16
The surrounding British and French colonies launched simultaneous invasions
of Cameroon in August 1914. But hopes for a quick victory as in Togo were dashed
by stiff German resistance along with raids and counter attacks as the invaders
tried to advance through Cameroon's difficult terrain. The Germans and their
forces abandoned Duala and other towns while fighting an armed retreat into the
interior. It took months of tough campaigning across jungles, swamps and
mountain ranges for the allies to bring the last outpost of the Schutztruppe to a surrender on
18th February 1916.
Even then, most of the Germans and African troops had already managed to evade capture by
escaping to neighbouring neutral Spanish Muni territory, rather
then surrender to the British, French and Belgians (the latter had joined in the
campaign in its later phases).
Recommended External Link-
Deutsche-kriegsgeschichte - Kamerun 1914-16
Forces in Cameroon
Police
The Cameroon police ("Polizeitruppe Kamerun") were first formed in 1889. As
with most other colonial police forces it consisted of a few German police
officers and African other ranks (recruited mainly from Serra Leone, Liberia,
Togo and Dahomey). Initially they were considered sufficient to maintain law and
order in the colony and accompany expeditions to the interior of the country. In
fact it was a mutiny by Dahomey slaves within the Polizeitruppe in 1893 that was
the biggest upheaval in law and order in the history of German Cameroon. As a
result the Cameroon Schutztruppe was formed to back up the Polizeitruppe.
Nevertheless the Polizeitruppe continued to expand as a paramilitary police
force until the outbreak of the First World War when it was fully incorporated
into the Schutztruppe. The 1914 peacetime strength of the German Cameroon
Polizeitruppe was approximately 40
German Officers and NCOs and 1,225 African other ranks.
Schutztruppe
The Cameroon Schutztruppe was formed in 1894 as a result of the failure of the
Polizeitruppe to defeat the Dahomey Slaves Rebellion. It was made up of German
officers and NCOs with regular army or colonial experience and African other
ranks. Initially Sudanese askaris were recruited from the Anglo-Egyptian army
(as had been recruited for the Wissmanntruppe in German East Africa),
unfortunately the damp climate of Cameroon did not suit them. Many fell ill and
eventually they were disbanded. Other African soldiers were more successfully
recruited from among the Jaunde, Bule, Bali, Haussa and other peoples. By 1914
they were a large and well trained force mostly armed with the latest Mauser 98
carbines, machine guns and artillery. The pre-war peacetime strength of the German
Cameroon Schutztruppe was approximately 185 German Officers, NCOs and staff and
1,550 African other ranks organised into 12 infantry field companies
("Feldkompagnie") and one artillery Abteilung consisting of four 9cm
1873/91 field guns. Once the Polizeitruppe, reservists and re-enlisted soldiers
had been added to their strength the wartime peak of the Schutztruppe in
Cameroon was 1,460 Germans and 6,550 Africans organised into 34 companies. This
full strength was however impeded by shortages of weapons and ammunition.
Navy
Although Cameroon had no permanent naval establishment naval gunships were
called upon to supply landing parties and artillery to help quell local
rebellions in 1884, 1891 and 1893.
The colonial government of Cameroon also had their own non-military ships, separate from the
Imperial navy. These vessels came under the control of the colonial governors
and were officered by Germans with locally recruited crews. They were not
intended for military use although they could be used to ferry supplies and
troops in times of war. One of these ships, the steamer Nachtigal rammed the
British gunboat SMS Dwarf in the estuary of the Cameroon River in 1914.
Recommend External Link - Axis History Forum Discussion on the
Nachtigal
Marine Infantry
The Seebataillone, were also
briefly deployed in Cameroon. A company sized unit with men from both the I. and
II. Seebataillon were sent out to assist in the Dahomey Slaves Rebellion of
1893. They saw no action however as the rebellion had already been crushed
before their arrival. They returned to Germany in early 1894.
Recommended External Link -
Marine Infanterie
Reservists
German civilians living in Cameroon were called up to serve with Schutztruppe
during the First World War. These Reservists, Landwehr and Landsturm were
originally formed into their own units but as were later dispersed amongst
existing Schutztruppe formations. Ultimately lack of equipment and weapons
hindered their full potential.
African Irregulars
The Germans in Cameroon did make use of native auxiliaries mainly as guides and
light infantry. During the campaign against the Nso in 1905,
100 men of the Bamum army under King Njoya served alongside the Germans. During
the First World War the Germans also motivated loyal tribes to attack
neighbouring pro-Entente tribes.
Large numbers of African porters were also needed by
the Germans on expeditions and campaign.
Air Power
Two aeroplanes, a Rumpler Taube monoplane and a Jeannin monoplane
were sent to the Schutztruppe in Cameroon during 1914. They arrived just
before the outbreak of war and were still unassembled in their packing
crates when they were captured by British troops. The airfield to
which they had not yet been delivered was being built at Garua in the
North of the colony by Hans Surén, a Schutztruppe officer who had
previously passed his pilot's test in Germany. The captured aeroplanes
were sent, still cased, to assist the newly formed South African air
force but did not see action.
Togo
Like Cameroon, German
trading posts had existed in Togoland for several years before it became
a German colony and like Cameroon its borders changed frequently
depending on the latest treaty with Britain and France (in 1897, 1899
and 1904). In 1905 the colony's name was officially changed from
Togoland simply to Togo. It was in some ways a model colony in that it
was fairly free of revolt and was unique among the African colonies in
that it made a modest profit from trade and therefore did not depend on
financial subsidies from Berlin. When the First World War broke out,
Togo was of strategic importance not
only because of its capital and port of Lome but more importantly the
newly completed radio station at Kamina which enabled Berlin to stay in touch with both
shipping in the South Atlantic and the other African colonies. After Germany's defeat
in the First World War, the Treaty of Versailles in 1919 stripped
Germany of all her colonies and overseas possessions. Togo was split
between Britain and France, the British section becoming part of the
colony of Gold Coast.
Campaigns in Togo
Expeditions into the Interior
There were no major rebellions in
Togo but as German expeditions gradually
ventured further into the colony mapped out as theirs by agreement with the
other European powers
they encountered armed resistance on several occasions. These
expeditions were usually accompanied
by small units of Polizeitruppe under German command. The largest battle fought in German Togo by one
of these expeditions was the Battle of Adibo in September 1896 when 91 police
troops under Oberleutnant von Massow defeated the 5,000 strong army of King Yaan Naa
Andani II of the Dagbon and various allied tribes.
Recommended External Link- Ghana Web Article Part 1
and Part 2
The First World War in Togo 1914
On the outbreak of War in Europe, the German
deputy-governor Major Doering (deputising for Duke Adolf Friedrich of
Mecklenburg-Schwerin) declared Togo to be neutral under the terms of the 1885
Treaty of Berlin. The British rejected this and led an invasion force from the
South and West on August 6th 1914 (the first shot of the First World War by a British
Imperial soldier was to have been fired here by Regimental Sergeant Major Alhaji Grunshi of the Gold Coast Regiment). A French force simultaneously
invaded from the North. The Germans destroyed communication lines and fought
several small delaying actions (the largest of which was at the River Chra on
22nd
August) as they retreated into the interior to the radio station
at Kamina but believing their defences to be unmaintainable, they destroyed the
radio station and surrendered after a very short campaign on August 26th 1914.
Recommended External Link - Axis History Forum Discussion on the
Battle of Kamina
Forces in Togo
Police
The paramilitary Togo Police Troop ("Polizeitruppe") was initially formed in
1885 to police the German capital at Lome. The force was gradually expanded to
cover the rest of the colony with recruits mostly from Nigeria. Although not a
fully trained military force they were the only permanent armed troops in Togo.
By 1914 they were armed with the latest Mauser 98 rifles and Maxim machine
guns. The 1914 peacetime strength of the Togo Polizeitruppe was approximately 12
German police officers and NCOs and 530 African NCOs and other ranks ("Polizei-Soldaten"). These
forces were divided into nine police districts,
each with between 60-120 Polizei-Soldaten. At the outbreak of the
First World War their strength was roughly doubled by calling up former
Polizei-Soldaten and recruiting new ones.
Schutztruppe and Army
There was no Schutztruppe force in Togo, although individual regular army
officers were seconded there by the colonial office to command the
expeditions and give military training to the Polizeitruppe. These officers came under the control of the colonial office and
therefore the overall Schutztruppe command.
Reservists
At the outbreak of the First World War Togo called up its German reservists to
assist the police in the short lived defence. Approximately 200 Germans were
formed into a separate unit called the European Company ("Europäer-Kompanie").
The Europäer-Kompanie was deployed at Kamina to defend the radio station there.
The colony surrendered before the unit saw any action.
Navy
Despite being of strategic importance there was no
permanent militarised naval presence in
Togo. Neither were any naval battleships deployed there to support land actions.
The same non-military ships, separate from the Imperial navy, used by the
colonial government of Cameroon also visited Togo and could potentially be used to ferry supplies and
troops in times of war.
Native Irregulars
As in the other African colonies the German forces in Togo recruited native
guides, scouts and light infantry. African porters were also needed by the
German expeditions to the interior.
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